How 5g obliterates phones battery ?

The world’s connectivity needs are changing. Global mobile data traffic is expected to multiply by 5g before the end of 2024. Particularly in dense urban areas, the current 4G networks simply won’t be able to keep up.

That’s where a new 5G comes into play. With 5G networks being switched on, the first use cases are boosted mobile broadband, which will bring better experiences for smartphone users, and fixed wireless access, on condition that fibre speeds without fibre to homes.

Being capable to download a HD movie in seconds and share your wow-moments with friends , that’s just the beginning .It’s allowing industries to reinvent themselves. It affects you. And it’s starting now.

First, let’s recap how we got here.

1G: Mobile voice calls
2G: Mobile voice calls and SMS
3G: Mobile web browsing
4G: Mobile video consumption and advanced data speed
5G: Technology to serve customers and digitalization of production.

5G is enabling a new wave of innovation. It has the potential for changing the world, further powering the hottest trends in tech today: IoT (Internet of Things), AI (Artificial Intelligence) and AR (Augmented Reality) and many more.

With 5G technology comes ultrafast internet service that won’t just enable more stable communications between mechanical device and autonomous vehicles, but also make it possible for you to copy a complete picture in mere seconds, like some sort of super-powered internet Avenger.

But for now, the phone battery, which seems like it’s draining at the speed of light. Need evidence? Samples from CNET found that after just 4 hours of using the Moto Z3 on a 5G network, the battery was “completely zapped.” They also found the Galaxy S10 5G deck to 50 per cent battery life in about 4 hours, projecting a far shorter lifespan than its usual 18 hours.

To resolve that grim side effect, scholars at the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Lille in France have established a new radio-frequency switch they say is 50 times more energy proficient than the present solid-state switches. They issued their outcomes on May 25 in the journal Nature Electronics.

The solution is actually fixed right in the problem. Because smartphones are packed with switches that carry out duties like bouncing back and forth between various networks and spectrum frequencies (4G to LTE, to Wi-Fi, to Bluetooth, etc.), batteries drain faster.

So when the limited d number of 5G-enabled smartphones on the market is frequently bouncing back and forth between 4G and 5G communications, for instance, the problem is amplified.

Your phone will need to bear a connection to the 3G or LTE network in hauling to the 5G network so that phone calls, text messages, and data will be delivered consistently.

Because your phone is associated to several networks concurrently, the battery will drain more rapidly than one would usually expect, and the phone may get warmer than when solely on 3G or LTE.

As 5G networks “develop in capability and capacity,” Samsung says, they might be able to lump more of your phone’s utilities with less battery drain. CNET bids that new Qualcomm Snapdragon X55 chips will precise the problems.

Deji Akinwande, a professor at the University of Texas at Austin, said in a prepared statement. And the idea is simple: the switches stay off most of the time.

Unless the radio-frequency changes are dynamically helping the device jump between networks at that exact point in time, they stay off, preserving precious battery life for other processes.

While other researchers have done similar work on the lower end of the 5G spectrum—where speeds are slower but travel further—this is the first time a switch is able to function all over the radio-frequency spectrum, from low-end gigahertz frequencies all the way up to the terahertz band, which could one day usher in 6G.

To construct it, the experts used a nanomaterial called hexagonal boron nitride, a learner in the materials science field that comes from the same family as graphene, a honeycomb-lattice sheet of carbon atoms used in everything from bike tires to cleaning up radio active waves. According to study in Semiconductors and Semimetals, hexagonal boron nitride is only as thick as a single layer of atoms and is the thinnest known insulator in the world, with a thickness of 0.33 nanometres.

In this case, these researchers used a single layer of boron and nitrogen atoms in a honeycomb pattern. Then, they sandwiched the layers between a set of gold electrodes.

Funding for their work comes, in part, from the U.S. Army Research Office, which has a stake in 5G because it could improve Department of Defence efforts in artificial intelligence, lead to faster data transmission between drones or other unmanned aerial vehicles, and could even support soldier-wearable radios or communications systems that will have longer battery lives and faster upload and download speeds.

Amazon Web Services

Amazon web Services (AWS) could also be a subsidiary of Amazon that provides on-demand cloud computing platforms to people, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis.

In combination, these cloud computing internet services provide a gaggle of primitive abstract technical infrastructure and distributed computing building blocks and tools.

one among these services is Amazon Elastic reckon Cloud (EC2), that permits users to possess at their disposal a virtual cluster of computers, accessible all the time, through the internet .

AWS’s version of virtual computers emulates most of the attributes of a true computer, in conjunction with hardware central process units (CPUs) and graphics process units (GPUs) for processing; local/RAM

memory; hard-disk/SSD storage; alternative of OS ; networking; and pre-loaded application software like web servers, databases, and client relationship management (CRM).

Fees are supported a mixture of usage (known as a “Pay-as-you-go” model).

The hardware, software, software, or networking options chosen by the subscriber needed convenience, redundancy, security, and repair options.

Subscribers pays for one virtual AWS pc, a fanatical physical pc, or clusters of either.

As a half of the subscription agreement, Amazon provides security for subscribers’ systems.

Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as how of getting giant scale computing capability additional quickly ANd cheaply than building an actual physical server farm.

All services are billed supported usage, however every service measures usage in variable ways in which.

As of 2017, AWS owns a dominant thirty fourth of all cloud (IaaS, PaaS) while subsequent three competitors Microsoft, Google, and IBM have Martinmas, 8%, 6 June 1944 respectively

As of 2020, AWS comprises quite 212 services in conjunction with computing, storage, networking, database, analytics, application services, deployment, management, mobile, developer tools, and tools for the web of Things.

the foremost popular embrace Amazon Elastic reckon Cloud (EC2) and Amazon straightforward Storage Service (Amazon S3).

Most services aren’t exposed on to end users, however instead provide practicality through arthropod genus for developers to use in their applications.

Amazon internet Services’ offerings are accessed over HTTP, using the remainder style of architecture and SOAP protocol for older arthropod genus and completely JSON for newer ones.

AWS has distinct operations in twenty two geographical “regions”: one in North America, one in South America, in Europe, one within the Middle-East, one in Africa and eight in different parts of the world.

AWS has proclaimed three new regions which will be coming back on-line.

Each region is completely contained at intervals one country and each one of its information and services keep within the selected region.

every region has multiple “Availability Zones”, which contains one or additional separate information centers, every with redundant power, networking and property, housed in separate facilities.

convenience Zones don’t automatically give further measurability or redundancy within a neighborhood , since they’re intentionally isolated from one another to stop outages from spreading between Zones.

many services will operate across convenience Zones (e.g., S3, DynamoDB) whereas others are often configured to duplicate across Zones to unfold demand and avoid time period from failures.

As of Dec 2014, Amazon internet Services operated a calculable one.4 million servers across twenty eight convenience zones.

In straightforward words AWS permits you to try and to the subsequent things-

1. Running internet and application servers within the cloud to host dynamic websites.

2. firmly store all of your files on the cloud so you’ll access them from anyplace.

3. victimization managed databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle or SQL Server to store info.

4. Deliver static and dynamic files quickly round the world employing a Content Delivery Network (CDN).

* AWS customers will alter Spot Instances for AWS Marketplace Amazon Machine Image (AMI) product whereas launching new instances through the EC2 console Launch Instance Wizard (LIW).

With this launch, you’ll reduce prices on the EC2 instances you would like to run your third-party software system on AWS.

* Spot Instances alter you to request unused EC2 instances at steep discounts- up to ninetieth compared to On-Demand prices- so you’ll lower your Amazon EC2 prices.

Spot Instances are an economical choice if have flexibility with running your third-party applications and if your applications are fault-tolerant.

Customers—including Salesforce, Lyft, Zillow, Novartis and Autodesk—use Spot Instances to scale back costs and obtain faster results.

Forr instance , Salesforce saved over eightieth vs On-Demand Instance valuation, and doubled the speed of process machine learning and ETL workloads with Spot Instances.

Electric Vehicle

What are the needs of future transportation?
The future of transportation will thus focus on its decarbonization Cities will promote bicycling and electric mass transit systems at the expense of individual cars; climate change will disrupt current disrupters like Uber, since the proliferation of individual rides is too energy intensive and leads to intolerable. We can resurgence due to technological developments, and an increased focus on renewable energy.

What is an electric vehicle?

An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources, or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft.

EVs first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. Modern internal combustion engines have been the dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles for almost 100 years, but electric power has remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types.

The Hyperloop This future mode of transportation is designed for longer haul transportation between cities, countries or even continents. The principle of the Hyperloop is based on the movement of people in capsules or pods that travel and high speeds though tubes over long distances.

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

Also known as Extended-Range Electric Vehicles (EREVs), this type of EV is powered by both petrol and electricity.

PHEVs can recharge the battery through both regenerative braking and ‘plugging-in’ to an external electrical charging outlet. In EREVs the petrol engine extends the range of the car by also recharging the battery as it gets low.

They are expensive and hard to maintain
In the real world, PHEVs are expensive, their fuel economy on motorway journeys is not very good, they are complex to maintain, have raised concerns about their battery life, and their resale value is uncertain. To many buyers, plug-in hybrids cause anxiety and are considered to be relatively complicated. Charging a PHEV is also time-consuming. Just like smartphones have varying charger connectors, PHEVs have the same problem with charger connectors having style variations making it difficult for other PHEVs to charge on certain stations.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

HEVs are powered by both petrol and electricity. The electric energy is generated by the car’s own braking system to recharge the battery. This is called ‘regenerative braking’, a process where the electric motor helps to slow the vehicle and uses some of the energy normally converted to heat by the brakes.

HEVs start off using the electric motor, then the petrol engine cuts in as load or speed rises. The two motors are controlled by an internal computer which ensures the best economy for the driving conditions.

Regenerative Braking
An HEV cannot plug in to off-board sources of electricity to charge the battery. Instead, the vehicle uses regenerative braking and the internal combustion engine to charge. The vehicle captures energy normally lost during braking by using the electric motor as a generator and storing the captured energy in the battery.

The Honda Civic Hybrid and Toyota Camry Hybrid are both examples of HEVs.

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)

BEVs are fully electric vehicles, meaning they are only powered by electricity and do not have a petrol engine, fuel tank or exhaust pipe. BEVs are also known as ‘plug-in’ EVs as they use an external electrical charging outlet to charge the battery.

The electric-vehicle market made big gains in 2019, across multiple car manufacturers – and the industry has even bigger plans for the years to come.

Rivian, for example, closed out the year with an extra $1.3 billion in investments. Tesla turned a profit,debuted the Cybertruck, delivered the first Model 3s built in its Shanghai plant, and announced a boosted range on its Model S and Model X. On the luxury end of the spectrum, the Audi E-Tron went up for sale,Porsche started production on the laycan performance car,and Lamborghini announced its first hybrid super car.

Increasingly restrictive emissions and fuel-efficiency regulations around the globe – but not so much in the US – are compelling carmakers to roll out vehicles more able to fit within those restrictions. Accordingly, in recent years, manufacturers have advertised a whirlwind of plans and timelines for bringing more EVs to market.

INTRODUCTION TO ANOVA FOR DATA SCIENCE(With COVID-19 case study using python)

By: Sneka. P

We are grappling with a pandemic that’s operating at a never-before-seen scale. Researchers all over the globe and frantically trying to develop a vaccine or a cure for COVID-19 while doctors are just keeping the pandemic from overwhelming the entire world.

So let’s consider a situation where doctors have four medical treatments to apply to cure the patients. Once we have the test results, one approach is to assume that the treatment which took the least time to cure the patients is the best among them. But what if some of these patients had been partially cured already, or if any other medication was already working on them?

In this article, let me initiate the ANOVA test and its different types that are being used to make better decisions. So I’ll demonstrate each type of ANOVA test in python to visualize how they work on covid-19 data. So let’s get going

WHAT IS ANOVA TEST?

An Analysis of Variance test, or ANOVA, can be thought of as a generalization of the t-test for more than 2 groups. The independent t-test is used to differentiate means of a situation between two groups. ANOVA is used when we want to compare the means of a condition between more than two groups.

ANOVA tests if there is a difference in the mean somewhere in the model, but it does not tell us where the difference is (if there is one). To find where the difference among the groups, we have to conduct the post-hoc tests.

To perform any tests, we first need to define the null and alternate hypothesis:

NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between the groups.
ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS: There is significant difference between the groups.

Basically, ANOVA is performed by comparing two types of variation, the variation between the sample means, as well as the variation within each of the samples. The below mentioned formula represents one-way Anova test. The formula is given below.

Assumptions of an ANOVA Test

There are certain assumptions we need to make before performing ANOVA:

The observation are obtained independently and randomly from the population defined by the factor levels.
The data for each factor level is normally distributed.
Independence of cases: the sample cases should be independent of each other.
Homogeneity of variance: Homogeneity means that the variance among the groups should be approximately equal.

The premise of homogeneity of variance can be tested using tests such as Levene’s test or the brown-Forsythe test. Normality of the distribution of the scores can be tested using histograms, the values of skewness and kurtosis, or using tests such as Shapiro or q-q- plot.

The assumption of independence can be determined from the design of the study. It is important to note that ANOVA is not robust to violations to the assumptions of independence. This is to say that even if you violate the premise of homogeneity or normality you can perform the test and basically trust findings.

However, the results of ANOVA are invalid if the indecency assumption is violated. In general, with violation of homogeneity, the analysis is considered robust if you have equal-sized groups. With violations of normality, continuing with ANOVA is generally ok if you have a large sample size.

Types of ANOVA Tests:

One-way ANOVA: It has just one independent variable.

For e.g : differences in corona cases can be assessed by country, and a country can have 2, 20 or more different categories to compare.

Two-way ANOVA: A two- way anova(also called factorial ANOVA) refers to an ANOVA using two independent variables

For e.g: old age group may have higher corona cases overall compared to the Young Age group, but this difference could be greater (or less) in Asian countries compared to European countries.

N-way ANOVA: A researcher can also use more than two independent variables, and this is an n-way ANOV (with n being the number of independent variables)

For e.g: potential differences in corona cases can be examined by country, gender, age, group, ethnicity etc.

WITH REPLICATION (VS) WITHOUT REPLICATION

Two-way ANOVA with replication: Two groups and the members of those groups are doing more than one thing

For e.g: let’s say a vaccine has not been developed for covid-19, and doctors are trying two different treatments to cure two groups of covid-19 infected patients

Two-way ANOVA without replication: Its used when you only have one group and you are double-testing that same group

For e.g: let’s say a vaccine has been developed for covid-19, and researchers are testing one set of volunteers before and after they have been vaccinated to see if it works or not.

POST-ANOVA Test

When we conduct an ANOVA, we are attempting to determine if there is a statically significant difference between the groups. If we find that there is a difference, we will then need to examine where the group differences lay.

So this is the end I have tried to explain the ANOVA test using a relevant case study in these pandemic times. It was fun experience putting this all together for our community!

Moisture Sensor

Our ancestors gave more importance to agriculture and it was basically following all the traditional methods their forefathers followed. As the population increased the need for production was given more importance and the pressure on agriculture increased as the years followed. Green revolution in 1960’s lead to use of various methods which includes good quality seeds, better irrigation techniques, fertilizers and so on. Even then our country’s population never stopped decreasing so this is where the technological advancements started appearing in agriculture and what we see in many parts of the world is called modern agriculture. This incorporates scientific data and technology to increase the yield of the crop. This is considered to be a milestone in agriculture and some of them are monitoring irrigation methods via smartphones, ultrasounds for livestock, crop sensors, robots, drones and most of these technologies fall under ‘precision agriculture’. Some of the advantages of using agricultural technology is more crop yield, saving inputs like fertilizers, water, pesticides. It also reduces impact on natural ecosystems and reduced physical work for farmers.

Now let’s look into a specific technology called soil water sensors, by the name itself we can understand that it is some way related to water, since it is an Agricultural Tech we can say that it is related to detect the amount of water in soil. This Tech have been used by farmers for many years and the usage had been increasing as saving water is the need of the hour. It gauges the volumetric content of water in the soil. Water content can be measured by drying, eliminating and sample weighing but these sensors find the volumetric content by some other factors like dielectric constant, electrical resistance and so on. This sensor is compatible and can be easily embedded with Arduino UNO, Arduino mega 2560, Arduino ADK and many other various kinds of micro-controller.

Soil Moisture Sensor Circuit – Analog Mode

They have two probes which passes the current through the soil and gets the resistance value. If there is more water in the soil it conducts more electricity and will have less resistance and exactly opposite if there is less moisture in soil. Sensor can be conducted in two modes which are digital and analog mode. It contains a potentiometer which will have a threshold value and this value will be compared by the LM393 comparator. The output LED will light up based on the threshold value. It has three pines and thee one with 5 it means signal – means GND which is ground and + means SV supply. Sensor comes with a small PCB board with LM393 comparator chip, a potentiometer, output signal pins with both analog and digital and input power pins are also present on the PCB.

In analog mode, the analog output of the sensor is used in this method and the output value will mostly range from 0 – 1023. Moisture will be measured by percentage that is from 0 – 100 and these values will be observed in serial monitor. Different ranges can also be set for the moisture values and the water pump can be turned on and off accordingly.

In digital mode, digital output of the sensor will be connected to the digital pin of the micro-controller. Module of the sensor will have a potentiometer which will set the threshold value. Then this value is compared with output value of the sensor using the LM393 comparator which is present on the sensor module. This LM393 comparator plays a main role by comparing the threshold value and the sensor output value. If the sensor value is more than the threshold value, then the digital pin will show 5V and LED on the sensor will light up which means the moisture content is more in soil and if the sensor value is less than the threshold value, then the digital pin will show 0 V and the light will go down.

Some of the advantages of sensor are as follows; Irrigation is the key factor in agriculture and many of the farmers are not so sure about the enough amount of water required and is available in soil which will lead him to wither irrigate more which is over irrigation or irrigate less which will lead to death of the plant. This kind of sensors make automation of farming easier. It consumes less power and works at 5 V and even works on low current less than 20 mA and weighs only 3 grams.
Also have got few disadvantages like they cover only a small sensing area, depth of the deception is only 37 mm and it can’t be used in many parts of India because it works only in range of 10 C- 30 C. In many cases it was found to be less accurate.

Common problems faced by farmers mostly is sensor failure, lack of timely data, excessive labor requirements, wiring issues, lack of timely data and failure of data telemetry.