Amazon Web Services

Amazon web Services (AWS) could also be a subsidiary of Amazon that provides on-demand cloud computing platforms to people, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis.

In combination, these cloud computing internet services provide a gaggle of primitive abstract technical infrastructure and distributed computing building blocks and tools.

one among these services is Amazon Elastic reckon Cloud (EC2), that permits users to possess at their disposal a virtual cluster of computers, accessible all the time, through the internet .

AWS’s version of virtual computers emulates most of the attributes of a true computer, in conjunction with hardware central process units (CPUs) and graphics process units (GPUs) for processing; local/RAM

memory; hard-disk/SSD storage; alternative of OS ; networking; and pre-loaded application software like web servers, databases, and client relationship management (CRM).

Fees are supported a mixture of usage (known as a “Pay-as-you-go” model).

The hardware, software, software, or networking options chosen by the subscriber needed convenience, redundancy, security, and repair options.

Subscribers pays for one virtual AWS pc, a fanatical physical pc, or clusters of either.

As a half of the subscription agreement, Amazon provides security for subscribers’ systems.

Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as how of getting giant scale computing capability additional quickly ANd cheaply than building an actual physical server farm.

All services are billed supported usage, however every service measures usage in variable ways in which.

As of 2017, AWS owns a dominant thirty fourth of all cloud (IaaS, PaaS) while subsequent three competitors Microsoft, Google, and IBM have Martinmas, 8%, 6 June 1944 respectively

As of 2020, AWS comprises quite 212 services in conjunction with computing, storage, networking, database, analytics, application services, deployment, management, mobile, developer tools, and tools for the web of Things.

the foremost popular embrace Amazon Elastic reckon Cloud (EC2) and Amazon straightforward Storage Service (Amazon S3).

Most services aren’t exposed on to end users, however instead provide practicality through arthropod genus for developers to use in their applications.

Amazon internet Services’ offerings are accessed over HTTP, using the remainder style of architecture and SOAP protocol for older arthropod genus and completely JSON for newer ones.

AWS has distinct operations in twenty two geographical “regions”: one in North America, one in South America, in Europe, one within the Middle-East, one in Africa and eight in different parts of the world.

AWS has proclaimed three new regions which will be coming back on-line.

Each region is completely contained at intervals one country and each one of its information and services keep within the selected region.

every region has multiple “Availability Zones”, which contains one or additional separate information centers, every with redundant power, networking and property, housed in separate facilities.

convenience Zones don’t automatically give further measurability or redundancy within a neighborhood , since they’re intentionally isolated from one another to stop outages from spreading between Zones.

many services will operate across convenience Zones (e.g., S3, DynamoDB) whereas others are often configured to duplicate across Zones to unfold demand and avoid time period from failures.

As of Dec 2014, Amazon internet Services operated a calculable one.4 million servers across twenty eight convenience zones.

In straightforward words AWS permits you to try and to the subsequent things-

1. Running internet and application servers within the cloud to host dynamic websites.

2. firmly store all of your files on the cloud so you’ll access them from anyplace.

3. victimization managed databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle or SQL Server to store info.

4. Deliver static and dynamic files quickly round the world employing a Content Delivery Network (CDN).

* AWS customers will alter Spot Instances for AWS Marketplace Amazon Machine Image (AMI) product whereas launching new instances through the EC2 console Launch Instance Wizard (LIW).

With this launch, you’ll reduce prices on the EC2 instances you would like to run your third-party software system on AWS.

* Spot Instances alter you to request unused EC2 instances at steep discounts- up to ninetieth compared to On-Demand prices- so you’ll lower your Amazon EC2 prices.

Spot Instances are an economical choice if have flexibility with running your third-party applications and if your applications are fault-tolerant.

Customers—including Salesforce, Lyft, Zillow, Novartis and Autodesk—use Spot Instances to scale back costs and obtain faster results.

Forr instance , Salesforce saved over eightieth vs On-Demand Instance valuation, and doubled the speed of process machine learning and ETL workloads with Spot Instances.

Electric Vehicle

What are the needs of future transportation?
The future of transportation will thus focus on its decarbonization Cities will promote bicycling and electric mass transit systems at the expense of individual cars; climate change will disrupt current disrupters like Uber, since the proliferation of individual rides is too energy intensive and leads to intolerable. We can resurgence due to technological developments, and an increased focus on renewable energy.

What is an electric vehicle?

An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors or traction motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources, or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels or an electric generator to convert fuel to electricity. EVs include, but are not limited to, road and rail vehicles, surface and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft.

EVs first came into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion, providing a level of comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline cars of the time. Modern internal combustion engines have been the dominant propulsion method for motor vehicles for almost 100 years, but electric power has remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as trains and smaller vehicles of all types.

The Hyperloop This future mode of transportation is designed for longer haul transportation between cities, countries or even continents. The principle of the Hyperloop is based on the movement of people in capsules or pods that travel and high speeds though tubes over long distances.

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

Also known as Extended-Range Electric Vehicles (EREVs), this type of EV is powered by both petrol and electricity.

PHEVs can recharge the battery through both regenerative braking and ‘plugging-in’ to an external electrical charging outlet. In EREVs the petrol engine extends the range of the car by also recharging the battery as it gets low.

They are expensive and hard to maintain
In the real world, PHEVs are expensive, their fuel economy on motorway journeys is not very good, they are complex to maintain, have raised concerns about their battery life, and their resale value is uncertain. To many buyers, plug-in hybrids cause anxiety and are considered to be relatively complicated. Charging a PHEV is also time-consuming. Just like smartphones have varying charger connectors, PHEVs have the same problem with charger connectors having style variations making it difficult for other PHEVs to charge on certain stations.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

HEVs are powered by both petrol and electricity. The electric energy is generated by the car’s own braking system to recharge the battery. This is called ‘regenerative braking’, a process where the electric motor helps to slow the vehicle and uses some of the energy normally converted to heat by the brakes.

HEVs start off using the electric motor, then the petrol engine cuts in as load or speed rises. The two motors are controlled by an internal computer which ensures the best economy for the driving conditions.

Regenerative Braking
An HEV cannot plug in to off-board sources of electricity to charge the battery. Instead, the vehicle uses regenerative braking and the internal combustion engine to charge. The vehicle captures energy normally lost during braking by using the electric motor as a generator and storing the captured energy in the battery.

The Honda Civic Hybrid and Toyota Camry Hybrid are both examples of HEVs.

Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)

BEVs are fully electric vehicles, meaning they are only powered by electricity and do not have a petrol engine, fuel tank or exhaust pipe. BEVs are also known as ‘plug-in’ EVs as they use an external electrical charging outlet to charge the battery.

The electric-vehicle market made big gains in 2019, across multiple car manufacturers – and the industry has even bigger plans for the years to come.

Rivian, for example, closed out the year with an extra $1.3 billion in investments. Tesla turned a profit,debuted the Cybertruck, delivered the first Model 3s built in its Shanghai plant, and announced a boosted range on its Model S and Model X. On the luxury end of the spectrum, the Audi E-Tron went up for sale,Porsche started production on the laycan performance car,and Lamborghini announced its first hybrid super car.

Increasingly restrictive emissions and fuel-efficiency regulations around the globe – but not so much in the US – are compelling carmakers to roll out vehicles more able to fit within those restrictions. Accordingly, in recent years, manufacturers have advertised a whirlwind of plans and timelines for bringing more EVs to market.

INTRODUCTION TO ANOVA FOR DATA SCIENCE(With COVID-19 case study using python)

By: Sneka. P

We are grappling with a pandemic that’s operating at a never-before-seen scale. Researchers all over the globe and frantically trying to develop a vaccine or a cure for COVID-19 while doctors are just keeping the pandemic from overwhelming the entire world.

So let’s consider a situation where doctors have four medical treatments to apply to cure the patients. Once we have the test results, one approach is to assume that the treatment which took the least time to cure the patients is the best among them. But what if some of these patients had been partially cured already, or if any other medication was already working on them?

In this article, let me initiate the ANOVA test and its different types that are being used to make better decisions. So I’ll demonstrate each type of ANOVA test in python to visualize how they work on covid-19 data. So let’s get going

WHAT IS ANOVA TEST?

An Analysis of Variance test, or ANOVA, can be thought of as a generalization of the t-test for more than 2 groups. The independent t-test is used to differentiate means of a situation between two groups. ANOVA is used when we want to compare the means of a condition between more than two groups.

ANOVA tests if there is a difference in the mean somewhere in the model, but it does not tell us where the difference is (if there is one). To find where the difference among the groups, we have to conduct the post-hoc tests.

To perform any tests, we first need to define the null and alternate hypothesis:

NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between the groups.
ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS: There is significant difference between the groups.

Basically, ANOVA is performed by comparing two types of variation, the variation between the sample means, as well as the variation within each of the samples. The below mentioned formula represents one-way Anova test. The formula is given below.

Assumptions of an ANOVA Test

There are certain assumptions we need to make before performing ANOVA:

The observation are obtained independently and randomly from the population defined by the factor levels.
The data for each factor level is normally distributed.
Independence of cases: the sample cases should be independent of each other.
Homogeneity of variance: Homogeneity means that the variance among the groups should be approximately equal.

The premise of homogeneity of variance can be tested using tests such as Levene’s test or the brown-Forsythe test. Normality of the distribution of the scores can be tested using histograms, the values of skewness and kurtosis, or using tests such as Shapiro or q-q- plot.

The assumption of independence can be determined from the design of the study. It is important to note that ANOVA is not robust to violations to the assumptions of independence. This is to say that even if you violate the premise of homogeneity or normality you can perform the test and basically trust findings.

However, the results of ANOVA are invalid if the indecency assumption is violated. In general, with violation of homogeneity, the analysis is considered robust if you have equal-sized groups. With violations of normality, continuing with ANOVA is generally ok if you have a large sample size.

Types of ANOVA Tests:

One-way ANOVA: It has just one independent variable.

For e.g : differences in corona cases can be assessed by country, and a country can have 2, 20 or more different categories to compare.

Two-way ANOVA: A two- way anova(also called factorial ANOVA) refers to an ANOVA using two independent variables

For e.g: old age group may have higher corona cases overall compared to the Young Age group, but this difference could be greater (or less) in Asian countries compared to European countries.

N-way ANOVA: A researcher can also use more than two independent variables, and this is an n-way ANOV (with n being the number of independent variables)

For e.g: potential differences in corona cases can be examined by country, gender, age, group, ethnicity etc.

WITH REPLICATION (VS) WITHOUT REPLICATION

Two-way ANOVA with replication: Two groups and the members of those groups are doing more than one thing

For e.g: let’s say a vaccine has not been developed for covid-19, and doctors are trying two different treatments to cure two groups of covid-19 infected patients

Two-way ANOVA without replication: Its used when you only have one group and you are double-testing that same group

For e.g: let’s say a vaccine has been developed for covid-19, and researchers are testing one set of volunteers before and after they have been vaccinated to see if it works or not.

POST-ANOVA Test

When we conduct an ANOVA, we are attempting to determine if there is a statically significant difference between the groups. If we find that there is a difference, we will then need to examine where the group differences lay.

So this is the end I have tried to explain the ANOVA test using a relevant case study in these pandemic times. It was fun experience putting this all together for our community!

5G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

5G is the fifth generation network in mobiles. It started with an intention to deliver higher multi – Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, large network capacity, increased availability and a uniform user.

It began deploying worldwide in 2019. It was successor to the 4G networks which are the connectivity provided for most current mobiles.

Just like its predecessors, 5G networks are also cellular, and the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. All 5g wireless devices in a cell are connected to Internet and telephone network in the form of radio waves through a local antenna in cells.

5G uses a system of cell site that divide their territory into sectors and send encoded data through radio waves. Every cell site must be connected to a network backbone which can be wired or wireless backhaul connection.

The biggest advantage of 5G is the presence of greater bandwidth which give higher download speeds eventually up to 10 gigabits per second (Gbits/s)

The increased bandwidth will not just serve cell phones like existing cellular networks but it can also be used as general internet source for laptops, desktop computers, competing with existing ISPs such as cable internet, and also will make new applications in Io T and M2M areas possible.

The increased speed is achieved partly by using higher-frequency radio waves than current cellular networks. But higher frequency waves have a shorter range than frequencies used by cell towers. So in order to ensure a wide reach of service, 5G uses operates on up to three frequency bands which are, low, medium and high.

5G is composed of 3 different types of cells where each requires different antennas, each type giving a different trade off of download speed vs distance and service area. The 5G phones and devices connect to the network through antenna that has highest speed within range of their location.

South Korea, China, and the United States are the countries that are leading the world in building and deploying 5G technology. Telecommunications operators around the world including AT&T Inc., KT Corp, and China Mobile, have been racing to build the fifth-generation (5G) of wireless technology.

2020 has been set as the target by the Central Government of India for the commercial launch of 5g wireless technology. A three – year program in March 2018 was launched by the government to promote research in 5G. Also, Ericsson has created a 5G test base at IIT Delhi for developing applications that are tailor-made for the Indian scenario.

Some of the benefits of 5G wireless technology are:

5G will lead to acceptance of virtual reality or augmented reality or any such new technologies common. It will also advance our smartphones better with more uniform data rates , lower latency and cost –per- bit.
5G will have the convenience of ultra-reliable, low latency links that will lead industries to invest in more projects which require remote control of critical infrastructure in various fields like medicine, aviation, etc.

The economic impact of 5G wireless technology will be huge and vivid. Technology is known for its effects on various domains of the world where the largest impact falls on the economy of the world. Like all other technologies, 5G will also have an impact on economy that cannot be ignored.

This impact is much greater than previous network generations. The development requirements of the new 5G network are also expanding beyond the traditional mobile networking players to industries such as the automotive industry.

In a landmark study that was conducted on the 5G Economy by Qualcomm, it emerged that the full economic effect of 5G Wireless Technology would appear around 2035 in a broad range of industries which would produce up to 12.3 dollars trillion worth of goods and services that were directly enabled by 5G. It also emerged that the 5G Wireless Technology could potentially generate up to 3.5 dollars trillion in revenue in 2035 and also directly support up to 22million jobs. Also surprising is the fact that over time, the total contribution of 5G to the Global GDP growth could be as much as the contribution of India.

With every new generation of data network, there are always advantages and disadvantages to discuss. The question is how the network intends on capitalizing on its advantages while shielding its users from its deficiencies that will ultimately determine its success.

Data Science: The Future

What is data science?

Data science, in simple words, is the study of data. Mainly, it deals with the developing methods of recording, storing, and analyzing data to extract useful information effectively. The vision or long-term goal of data science is to gain insights and knowledge from any type of data — both structured and unstructured.

In data science, one deals with both structured and unstructured data. The algorithms also involve predictive analytics in them. Thus, data science is all about the present and future. That is, finding out the trends based on historical data can be useful for immediate decisions and ways to find the patterns which can be modeled and can be used for future predictions to see what things may look like in the future accurately.

Why choose data science?

Data Science has turned out to be a necessity for companies due to the amount of data generated and the evolution in the field of Analytics. To make most of their data, companies from all domains may be Finance, Marketing, Retail, IT, or Bank. All are looking for Data Scientists. This growth has led to a massive demand for Data Scientists all over the globe. With the kind of salary that a company has to offer and IBM is declaring it as a trending job of the 21st century, it is lucrative. This field is such that anyone from any background can make a career as a Data Scientist.

What is seen in Data Science?

Machine Learning: Machine Learning is the way to learn how to visualize the data, which involves algorithms and mathematical models, chiefly employed to make machines learn and prepare them to adapt to everyday advancements. These

models can also help to find the behavior and helps to predict the future.

Big Data: Humans are producing too much data in the form of clicks,

orders, videos, images, comments, articles, RSS Feeds. These data are generally unstructured, and it is often named as Big Data. Big Data tools and techniques mainly help in converting this unstructured data into a structured form.

Skill sets required:

Python coding: Python is majorly preferred to implement mathematical models and concepts as it has libraries/packages to build and deploy models. R-programming language can also be used as an alternative

MS Excel:

Microsoft Excel is considered an essential requirement for all data entry jobs. It is of great use in data analysis, applying formulae, equations, diagrams out of a messy lot of data.

Hadoop Platform:

It is an open-source distributed processing framework. It is used for managing the processing and storage of big data applications.

SQL database/coding:

It is mainly used for the preparation and extraction of datasets. It can also be used to solve problems like Graph and Network Analysis, Search behavior, fraud detection.

Technology:

Since there is so much unstructured data out there, one should know how to access it. It can be done in a variety of ways, via APIs, or web servers.

Techniques

• Mathematical Expertise: Data scientists also work on machine learning algorithms such as regression, clustering, time series. which require a very high amount of mathematical knowledge since they are based on mathematical algorithms.

• Working with unstructured data: Since most of the data produced every day, in the form of images, comments, tweets, search history, is disorganized. It is a handy skill in today’s market to know how to convert this unstructured into a structured form and then working with them.

Career Opportunity/option :

In a world where 2.5 quintillion bytes of data is generated every day, a professional who can organize this humongous data to provide business solutions is indeed the hero! Much has been spoken about why Big Data is here to stay. Building on what’s already been written and said, let’s discuss Data Science career opportunities and why ‘Data Scientist’ is the decent and passable job title of the 21st century.

According to the Harvard Business Review, “it is one of the high-ranking professionals with the training and curiosity to make discoveries in the world of AI and Big data.” Therefore, it is no surprise that Data Scientists are coveted professionals in the Big Data Analytics and IT industry. With experts predicting that 40 ZB of data will be in existence by the year 2020, Data Science career opportunities will only shoot through the roof and regarded as the best. There is a shortage of skilled professionals in a world, and again, increasingly turning to data for decision making. This has also led to the enormous demand for Data Scientists in start-ups and well-established companies. A McKinsey Global

Institute study states that “by 2018, the US alone should encounter a shortage of about 190,000 professionals with great analytical skills. With the Big Data wave showing no signs of slowing down, there’s a rush among global companies to hire Data Scientists to manage their business-critical Big Data”.

So, we can conclude that there is broad and giant scope in data science and machine learning; we can regard it as our future.