Amazon Web Services

Amazon web Services (AWS) could also be a subsidiary of Amazon that provides on-demand cloud computing platforms to people, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis.

In combination, these cloud computing internet services provide a gaggle of primitive abstract technical infrastructure and distributed computing building blocks and tools.

one among these services is Amazon Elastic reckon Cloud (EC2), that permits users to possess at their disposal a virtual cluster of computers, accessible all the time, through the internet .

AWS’s version of virtual computers emulates most of the attributes of a true computer, in conjunction with hardware central process units (CPUs) and graphics process units (GPUs) for processing; local/RAM

memory; hard-disk/SSD storage; alternative of OS ; networking; and pre-loaded application software like web servers, databases, and client relationship management (CRM).

Fees are supported a mixture of usage (known as a “Pay-as-you-go” model).

The hardware, software, software, or networking options chosen by the subscriber needed convenience, redundancy, security, and repair options.

Subscribers pays for one virtual AWS pc, a fanatical physical pc, or clusters of either.

As a half of the subscription agreement, Amazon provides security for subscribers’ systems.

Amazon markets AWS to subscribers as how of getting giant scale computing capability additional quickly ANd cheaply than building an actual physical server farm.

All services are billed supported usage, however every service measures usage in variable ways in which.

As of 2017, AWS owns a dominant thirty fourth of all cloud (IaaS, PaaS) while subsequent three competitors Microsoft, Google, and IBM have Martinmas, 8%, 6 June 1944 respectively

As of 2020, AWS comprises quite 212 services in conjunction with computing, storage, networking, database, analytics, application services, deployment, management, mobile, developer tools, and tools for the web of Things.

the foremost popular embrace Amazon Elastic reckon Cloud (EC2) and Amazon straightforward Storage Service (Amazon S3).

Most services aren’t exposed on to end users, however instead provide practicality through arthropod genus for developers to use in their applications.

Amazon internet Services’ offerings are accessed over HTTP, using the remainder style of architecture and SOAP protocol for older arthropod genus and completely JSON for newer ones.

AWS has distinct operations in twenty two geographical “regions”: one in North America, one in South America, in Europe, one within the Middle-East, one in Africa and eight in different parts of the world.

AWS has proclaimed three new regions which will be coming back on-line.

Each region is completely contained at intervals one country and each one of its information and services keep within the selected region.

every region has multiple “Availability Zones”, which contains one or additional separate information centers, every with redundant power, networking and property, housed in separate facilities.

convenience Zones don’t automatically give further measurability or redundancy within a neighborhood , since they’re intentionally isolated from one another to stop outages from spreading between Zones.

many services will operate across convenience Zones (e.g., S3, DynamoDB) whereas others are often configured to duplicate across Zones to unfold demand and avoid time period from failures.

As of Dec 2014, Amazon internet Services operated a calculable one.4 million servers across twenty eight convenience zones.

In straightforward words AWS permits you to try and to the subsequent things-

1. Running internet and application servers within the cloud to host dynamic websites.

2. firmly store all of your files on the cloud so you’ll access them from anyplace.

3. victimization managed databases like MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle or SQL Server to store info.

4. Deliver static and dynamic files quickly round the world employing a Content Delivery Network (CDN).

* AWS customers will alter Spot Instances for AWS Marketplace Amazon Machine Image (AMI) product whereas launching new instances through the EC2 console Launch Instance Wizard (LIW).

With this launch, you’ll reduce prices on the EC2 instances you would like to run your third-party software system on AWS.

* Spot Instances alter you to request unused EC2 instances at steep discounts- up to ninetieth compared to On-Demand prices- so you’ll lower your Amazon EC2 prices.

Spot Instances are an economical choice if have flexibility with running your third-party applications and if your applications are fault-tolerant.

Customers—including Salesforce, Lyft, Zillow, Novartis and Autodesk—use Spot Instances to scale back costs and obtain faster results.

Forr instance , Salesforce saved over eightieth vs On-Demand Instance valuation, and doubled the speed of process machine learning and ETL workloads with Spot Instances.

INTRODUCTION TO ANOVA FOR DATA SCIENCE(With COVID-19 case study using python)

By: Sneka. P

We are grappling with a pandemic that’s operating at a never-before-seen scale. Researchers all over the globe and frantically trying to develop a vaccine or a cure for COVID-19 while doctors are just keeping the pandemic from overwhelming the entire world.

So let’s consider a situation where doctors have four medical treatments to apply to cure the patients. Once we have the test results, one approach is to assume that the treatment which took the least time to cure the patients is the best among them. But what if some of these patients had been partially cured already, or if any other medication was already working on them?

In this article, let me initiate the ANOVA test and its different types that are being used to make better decisions. So I’ll demonstrate each type of ANOVA test in python to visualize how they work on covid-19 data. So let’s get going

WHAT IS ANOVA TEST?

An Analysis of Variance test, or ANOVA, can be thought of as a generalization of the t-test for more than 2 groups. The independent t-test is used to differentiate means of a situation between two groups. ANOVA is used when we want to compare the means of a condition between more than two groups.

ANOVA tests if there is a difference in the mean somewhere in the model, but it does not tell us where the difference is (if there is one). To find where the difference among the groups, we have to conduct the post-hoc tests.

To perform any tests, we first need to define the null and alternate hypothesis:

NULL HYPOTHESIS: There is no significant difference between the groups.
ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS: There is significant difference between the groups.

Basically, ANOVA is performed by comparing two types of variation, the variation between the sample means, as well as the variation within each of the samples. The below mentioned formula represents one-way Anova test. The formula is given below.

Assumptions of an ANOVA Test

There are certain assumptions we need to make before performing ANOVA:

The observation are obtained independently and randomly from the population defined by the factor levels.
The data for each factor level is normally distributed.
Independence of cases: the sample cases should be independent of each other.
Homogeneity of variance: Homogeneity means that the variance among the groups should be approximately equal.

The premise of homogeneity of variance can be tested using tests such as Levene’s test or the brown-Forsythe test. Normality of the distribution of the scores can be tested using histograms, the values of skewness and kurtosis, or using tests such as Shapiro or q-q- plot.

The assumption of independence can be determined from the design of the study. It is important to note that ANOVA is not robust to violations to the assumptions of independence. This is to say that even if you violate the premise of homogeneity or normality you can perform the test and basically trust findings.

However, the results of ANOVA are invalid if the indecency assumption is violated. In general, with violation of homogeneity, the analysis is considered robust if you have equal-sized groups. With violations of normality, continuing with ANOVA is generally ok if you have a large sample size.

Types of ANOVA Tests:

One-way ANOVA: It has just one independent variable.

For e.g : differences in corona cases can be assessed by country, and a country can have 2, 20 or more different categories to compare.

Two-way ANOVA: A two- way anova(also called factorial ANOVA) refers to an ANOVA using two independent variables

For e.g: old age group may have higher corona cases overall compared to the Young Age group, but this difference could be greater (or less) in Asian countries compared to European countries.

N-way ANOVA: A researcher can also use more than two independent variables, and this is an n-way ANOV (with n being the number of independent variables)

For e.g: potential differences in corona cases can be examined by country, gender, age, group, ethnicity etc.

WITH REPLICATION (VS) WITHOUT REPLICATION

Two-way ANOVA with replication: Two groups and the members of those groups are doing more than one thing

For e.g: let’s say a vaccine has not been developed for covid-19, and doctors are trying two different treatments to cure two groups of covid-19 infected patients

Two-way ANOVA without replication: Its used when you only have one group and you are double-testing that same group

For e.g: let’s say a vaccine has been developed for covid-19, and researchers are testing one set of volunteers before and after they have been vaccinated to see if it works or not.

POST-ANOVA Test

When we conduct an ANOVA, we are attempting to determine if there is a statically significant difference between the groups. If we find that there is a difference, we will then need to examine where the group differences lay.

So this is the end I have tried to explain the ANOVA test using a relevant case study in these pandemic times. It was fun experience putting this all together for our community!

5G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

5G is the fifth generation network in mobiles. It started with an intention to deliver higher multi – Gbps peak data speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, large network capacity, increased availability and a uniform user.

It began deploying worldwide in 2019. It was successor to the 4G networks which are the connectivity provided for most current mobiles.

Just like its predecessors, 5G networks are also cellular, and the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. All 5g wireless devices in a cell are connected to Internet and telephone network in the form of radio waves through a local antenna in cells.

5G uses a system of cell site that divide their territory into sectors and send encoded data through radio waves. Every cell site must be connected to a network backbone which can be wired or wireless backhaul connection.

The biggest advantage of 5G is the presence of greater bandwidth which give higher download speeds eventually up to 10 gigabits per second (Gbits/s)

The increased bandwidth will not just serve cell phones like existing cellular networks but it can also be used as general internet source for laptops, desktop computers, competing with existing ISPs such as cable internet, and also will make new applications in Io T and M2M areas possible.

The increased speed is achieved partly by using higher-frequency radio waves than current cellular networks. But higher frequency waves have a shorter range than frequencies used by cell towers. So in order to ensure a wide reach of service, 5G uses operates on up to three frequency bands which are, low, medium and high.

5G is composed of 3 different types of cells where each requires different antennas, each type giving a different trade off of download speed vs distance and service area. The 5G phones and devices connect to the network through antenna that has highest speed within range of their location.

South Korea, China, and the United States are the countries that are leading the world in building and deploying 5G technology. Telecommunications operators around the world including AT&T Inc., KT Corp, and China Mobile, have been racing to build the fifth-generation (5G) of wireless technology.

2020 has been set as the target by the Central Government of India for the commercial launch of 5g wireless technology. A three – year program in March 2018 was launched by the government to promote research in 5G. Also, Ericsson has created a 5G test base at IIT Delhi for developing applications that are tailor-made for the Indian scenario.

Some of the benefits of 5G wireless technology are:

5G will lead to acceptance of virtual reality or augmented reality or any such new technologies common. It will also advance our smartphones better with more uniform data rates , lower latency and cost –per- bit.
5G will have the convenience of ultra-reliable, low latency links that will lead industries to invest in more projects which require remote control of critical infrastructure in various fields like medicine, aviation, etc.

The economic impact of 5G wireless technology will be huge and vivid. Technology is known for its effects on various domains of the world where the largest impact falls on the economy of the world. Like all other technologies, 5G will also have an impact on economy that cannot be ignored.

This impact is much greater than previous network generations. The development requirements of the new 5G network are also expanding beyond the traditional mobile networking players to industries such as the automotive industry.

In a landmark study that was conducted on the 5G Economy by Qualcomm, it emerged that the full economic effect of 5G Wireless Technology would appear around 2035 in a broad range of industries which would produce up to 12.3 dollars trillion worth of goods and services that were directly enabled by 5G. It also emerged that the 5G Wireless Technology could potentially generate up to 3.5 dollars trillion in revenue in 2035 and also directly support up to 22million jobs. Also surprising is the fact that over time, the total contribution of 5G to the Global GDP growth could be as much as the contribution of India.

With every new generation of data network, there are always advantages and disadvantages to discuss. The question is how the network intends on capitalizing on its advantages while shielding its users from its deficiencies that will ultimately determine its success.